It was located on a fake site designed to target the US defence industry (so likely not yourself). The MacDownloader malware is thought to have been created by Iranian hackers and was specifically targetted at the US defense industry. The best way to avoid such attacks is to always check on Adobe's site to see if there is an update to Flash you should be installing.
Luckily the threat seems to be contained for now: the remote server it the malware tries to connect is now offline. You'll be asked to click to "remove" the adware, and when you enter your password on your Mac the MacDownloader malware will attempt to transmit data including your Keychain (so that's your usernames, passwords, PINs, credit card numbers) to a remote server. When the installer is run you'll get an alert claiming that there is adware on your Mac. In February 2017 researchers found the MacDownloaded software lurking in a fake update to Adobe Flash.
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It would gain root privileges and create a new account in order to install more software, according to Cybereason researcher Amit Serper in this report.
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OSX/Pirrit was apparently hidden in cracked versions of Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop found online. It's thought to be the work of the APT28 cybercrime group, according to Bitdefender. Xagent is capable of stealing passwords, taking screenshots and grabbing iPhone backups stored on your Mac. The best way to avoid falling fowl to such an attempt in the future is not to respond to emails that require you to enter a password or install anything. OSX/Dok was targeting OS X users via an email phishing campaign. The attacker could gain access to all victim communication by redirecting traffic through a malicious proxy server, there's more information about how the attack worked here. Apple has since revoked that developer certificate and updated XProtect, it’s malware signature system. Because the malware had a certificate, macOS’s Gatekeeper would have recognized the app as legitimate, and therefore not prevented its execution. It is likely that the hackers accessed a legitimate developers’ account and used that certificate. OSX/Dok was even signed with a valid developer certificate (authenticated by Apple) according to CheckPoint’s blog post. The macOS Trojan horse appeared to be able to bypass Apple’s protections and could hijack all traffic entering and leaving a Mac without a user’s knowledge - even traffic on SSL-TLS encrypted connections. Security analysis firm CheckPoint Software Technologies spotted a new OS X malware at the end of April 2017.
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